Research Paper Taxation Essay Example for Free

Research Paper Taxation EssayWage is the quick-frozen amount of compensation for attend rendered covering a stubborn period of date, usually hours, or fixed amount of seduce. It is usually a compensation given to skilled and unskilled labor. Commission is usually a hire given to skilled and unskilled labor. Commission is usually a wage given to a salesperson based on the amount of his sales. This amount is usually added to basic salary.Bonus is given to simulate employees to work more efficiently and effectively (Valencia Roxas, 2009) To make sure that employees comply with BIR regulation and local government laws, companies moldiness include crucial employee and keep company information in their paysheet department placements. Setting up and running the different components that comprise a paysheet department system requires delinquent diligence and adequate knowledge of tax legislation. Employees benefits In Philippine Accounting Standards (PAS) 19, paragraph 7 states that employees benefits argon all forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange of services rendered by employees.These benefits may be paid railly to the employees or to their dependents, such as their children or spouses. These eject be settled by payment in cash in form goods and services. Paragraph 4 of PSAS 19 enumerates the following four classes (a) short term employee benefits (b) post-employment benefits (c) different term employee benefits and, (d) termination. Employee information During the new hire process, companies must collect information such as medical insurance and W-2 forms to determine what should be deducted from an employees paycheck.These forms in like manner provide employers which crucial information, such as the employees companionable Security number and their refuse amount for government tax purposes. The systems must also data track and process changes make to the employees tax exemption status, pensions, insurance plans or retirem ent funds. Salary information As part of the new hire process, payroll systems include a component that designates which employees argon full epoch, part time and contractors. Classifying worker in a payroll system is important since the government levies high penalties on companies that categorize employees incorrectly.Applicable taxes and deductions The National internal Revenue Code (R. A 8424) requires the employer to withhold portion of the salaries earned by employees that willing at to the lowest degree approximate an income tax due of the earner relative to the income earned. The monthly or semi-monthly withholding s taxable could be obtained from the BIR to serve as guide as to what amount to be withheld from the salary of the employee (http//www. ehow. com/list_6725482_components-payroll-system. html, 17 July 2010). In preparing a payroll, certain government mandated contributions expected to be deducted from the gross play of each employee.These include withholding t axes, PAG-IBIG, SSS (Social Security System) and PhilHealth contributions. Withholding taxes is remitted to BIR while PAG-IBIG is remitted to Home Development and Mutual Fund (HDMF) (Cabrera, Ledesma Lupisan, 2009). early(a) payroll withholdings include employee contributions to benefits, retirement accounts, and charities, these are determined by the employee during the fringe benefits selection process offered by their employer and must be taken into account as well as any employer matches when reporting payroll .Methods of payroll Computation A payroll system involves every(prenominal)thing that has to do with the payment of employees and the filing of employment taxes. This includes keeping track of hours, calculating wages, withholding taxes and other deductions, thus allot methods must be applied in the computation to achieve a desirable output. More and more aspects of payroll are being handled electronically.Methods include direct paycheck deposit, debit cards, payroll a nd non-payroll, use Web-based information system to allow employees access, with a secure password, to their individual payroll records including pay stubs, an stipend record and in some cases, employer information, such as the company manual or health insurance plan overview (Banning, 2008) Giove (1993) stated the seven methods for computing payroll Hourly order Plan Employees paid on an hourly rate plan receive a fixed amount for each hour they work.An employees regular earnings are equal to the employees hourly rate multiplied by the number of hours worked during the payroll period. Salary Plan Salaried employees receive a fixed amount for each payroll period, whether weekly, biweekly, semimonthly, or monthly. If an employee on the salary plan works less than the regular hours during a payroll period, the employer may deduct for the time lost, although in most cases the employer does not make such a deduction. Regular earnings would be determined by multiplying that hourly rate by the genuine number of hours the employee worked during the payroll period.Overtime Pay All employees in all establishments and undertakings whether for profit or not are entitled to overtime pay for work rendered beyond eight (8) hours. But this does not apply to managerial employees, field personnel, and members of the family of the employer who are dependent on him for support, domestic helpers, person in the personal service of another, and workers who are paid by results. Employees in the government are also entitled to overtime pay but they are governed by Civil do laws and rules. Only employees in the private sector are covered by the Labor Code.Guaranteed Wage It is a written agreement to pay an employee a guaranteed borderline amount regardless of the hours worked, with an extra half-hour premium for hours over 40. Piece Rate Plan It is a compensation plan whereby employee earnings depend on the units produced. Commission Plan Sales delegation plans vary greatly from company to company but are worldwidely based on the sales made during payroll period. Combination Plan This is a compensation method whereby employees receive a fixed amount of salary for each payroll period nonnegative an extra amount for production (piece-work) or sales (commission).Timekeeping Records Accurate timekeeping is an essential part of an efficient payroll system. Every business must have an bang-up method of recording the hours employees worked during the payroll period. The time records show the date and the time the workweek starts, the number of hours worked each day, and the total hours worked during the week. Time records are filed after the payroll is prepared and, in accordance with the requirements of the law, retained up to three years. The most common methods of timekeeping use a time clock with timecards or a time sheet.There are two primary reasons to maintain accurate payroll records. First, is the collection of the data necessary to visualize the com pensation for each employee for each payroll period. Second, provision of information needed to complete the various government report-federal and state- required of all employees. All business enterprise both large and small are required by law to withhold certain amounts from employees pay for taxes, to make payment to government agencies by specific deadlines, and submit reports on official forms. (McQuaig Bille, 2008). Other Aspects of Payroll Accounting SystemPayroll Register The payroll register summarizes employee earnings and deduction information in a journal entry that is inserted into the general ledger for accounting and general research purposes. Payroll registers are also used to create tax report. These documents are prepared by payroll lag or generated using payroll computer system. Payroll Services The meteoric success of payroll services is not accidental, but rather a reproval of the business communitys willingness to outsource the tedious and complex task of p ayroll accounting to outside specialists.The upside of outsourcing payroll is that payroll services secure that the company complies with laws pertaining to payroll. That is a big deal considering the time investment it would take the payroll officer to stay current on payroll-related legislation. Another big summing up is that payroll services are responsible for keeping track of each employees accumulated earning, tax withholding, and other information needed to issue W-2 forms at the end of the year.They also stay on top of things like direct deposits, salary adjustment, quarterly tax payments and all of the other details that can be distraction from the important chew over of leading the company (http//Gaebler. com/payroll-services, 8 Aug, 2010). In-house Payroll If contracting a payroll service does not sound like a good fit for a business, the management also has the option of doing it in-house. But if the management plans on saving money by personally administering the pay roll, having more alternatives will be a better idea. Even if the company only has a few employees, dealing with payroll-related details can be a waste of time.Instead, designating the job to an employee who can give it the time it requires so precious time can be dedicated to other things (http//Gaebler. com/in-house-payroll, 8 Aug, 2010). Whoever ends up doing payroll in the company will be happy to know that there is a lot of parcel out there to help them. In fact, most accounting software solutions have payroll modules. Start by assessing the capability of their current accounting software broadcast. If it does not have a built-in payroll function, chances are it is getable from the manufacturer as an add-on.If it is not, then the company needed to decide whether to change accounting to one that does or attempt to find a payroll program that is compatible with the current system. Either way, it is worth the time to find a computerized system that meets the companys needs rathe r than trying to do it the unfashionable way. Internal Control A regularises accounting and payroll functions are critical for the maintenance of a solid financial foundation. Accurate and punctual financial reports are crucial to administration and board decision-making.Payroll must be accurate, as it represents the districts largest budgeted expenditure. Internal controls must safeguard the districts assets from misappropriation. Payroll processing is an error prone activity. If organizations have just one or two employees it may seem relatively easy to compute salaries outstanding, taxes etc, but as small business starts adding employees they find spending more and more time in computation of salaries including variable pay. Errors are common in the full and final settlement and increases when employees join in the middle of a term as the processes are manual (http//ezinearticles. om/? expert=Mikael Anderson, 4 Aug, 2010).Waterhouse (2010) said in one of his studies that the o bjective of internal controls for payroll is to ensure that payroll disbursements are properly recorded and that related legal requirements (such as payroll tax deposits) are complied with. Segregation of duties is an effective internal control. The bank reconciliation clerk reconciles the bank accounts and is not involved in processing or approving items for payment. A payroll administrator, supervisor, specialist and six clerks perform the payroll function.The Human Resources Department (HRD) enters employee data into a database share by Personnel and Payroll and sets the rate of pay. The software system controls the ability of individuals to change information based on their access to the system. This prevents unauthorized individuals from changing this information (http//window. state. tx. us, 6 Aug, 2010). Gelinas, Sutton and Hunton (2005) included in their study some of the procedures that can be used to prevent or detect schemes. First is the direct deposit of payroll to elim inate alteration, forgery and theft of paper check.Second, is checking for duplicate names, addresses, and Social Security number in the employee data, finally is comparing actual to budgeted payroll. Expense Accounts are often an area of fraud and abuse. This include (a) using legitimate bread and butter from personal expense for the business expenses (b) overstating expenses by altering receipts (c) submitting fictitious expenses by submitting copies of invoices. Such abuses can be minimized by formulating reasonable policies that even employees for their out-of-pocket expenses.Copies of invoices should only be accepted in extreme circumstances. Finally, expense account activities should be monitored on a regular basis to detect unmatched patterns (Gelinas, Sutton Hunton, 2005). Payroll Fraud Connection Payroll, similar to cash disbursements, is an area ripe with fraud potential. After all, large organizations will make thousands of payments to employees for payroll and expens es account reimbursement every payroll period. Firth (2006) expresses that Payroll Fraud is an important issue that needs to be addressed by both Finance and Payroll professionals.Some of the key activities need to be considered include improving the quality of master file data, reviewing the end to end payroll process, and reviewing the people that are performing each step in the payroll function. It is worth remembering that improving each of these areas will not only reduce the risk of payroll fraud, it will also result in many other business improvements right across the organization. Here are some of the types of payroll frauds, along with the median loss for each to an employer (a) Ghost Employee, employees do not actually work for the company but receives paychecks.These can be recently departed employees or made-up persons (b) Falsified hours and salary, employees exaggerate the time that they work or are able to increase the salary in their employee date (c) Commission Sche mes, employees falsify the sales on which commissions are based or increase the commission rate in their employee date and, (d) False workers compensation claims, employees fake injuries to collect disability payments (Gelinas, Sutton Hunton 2005).